Cystitis is an acute or chronic inflammation of the bladder walls. It is manifested by frequent and painful urination, with the presence of pus in the urine, blood clots, in children it is accompanied by symptoms of intoxication, fever. The disease is common in people of any age and sex, but is more often identified in women, which is related to the anatomical features of the urinary system.
Symptoms of cystitis
Cystitis is divided into acute and chronic. The acute form is characterized by spontaneous onset and rapid development. The first sign is the frequent urge to urinate every 20-30 minutes. Patients complain of pain in the suprapubic area, pain spreads to the perineum, genitals, increases with pressure on the abdomen, slight filling of the bladder. Urination itself is painful with a burning sensation and pain, the act ends with the release of a few drops of blood. The color and transparency of urine changes: it looks cloudy, dark, with sediment and has an unpleasant smell. With a favorable result, the state of health improves for 4-5 days, for 7-10 days the patient recovers.
Chronic cystitis is characterized by alternating exacerbations and remissions or a continuous sluggish course. The symptoms correspond to the acute form, their severity increases in the acute stage.
The reasons
Certain conditions are required for the development of cystitis: infections, morphological or functional changes in the bladder. In most cases, the disease is infectious. The main causative agents of cystitis are E. coli, epidermal streptococcus, Proteus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococci. Microorganisms enter the bladder cavity from the external environment, the kidneys, less often from other foci of inflammation: through lymph, blood, damaged bladder wall.
A favorable background for the development of bladder inflammation is created by:
- frequent hypothermia;
- infrequent or incomplete urination.
- weakened immunity;
- sedentary life?
- wearing very tight clothes;
- malnutrition;
- vitamin deficiency;
- physical and emotional exhaustion.
- chronic diseases?
- change of sexual partner or initiation of sexual activity.
- operations on the bladder, prostate gland.
- non-compliance with hygiene standards;
- impact on the body of radiation, chemicals and toxic substances.
- treatment with antibiotics and nephrotoxic drugs.
- the presence of foreign bodies: urinary diversion tubes, kidney stones, ureteral stents.
In the development of cystitis, a specific role belongs to diseases and pathological conditions such as diabetes mellitus, urolithiasis, Huerta stenosis in boys / men, prostate adenoma, prostatitis, dysbacteriosis, intestinal infections, helminthic diseases.
varieties
Cystitis is classified according to several criteria:
- downstream: acute - characterized by inflammatory damage to the mucosa and submucosa and chronic - morphological changes affect the muscle layer.
- by etiology: bacterial (divided into specific and non-specific) and non-bacterial (chemical, pharmaceutical, radiation, allergic).
- in form: primary - occur without structural and functional changes in the urinary system, secondary - develop in conditions of bladder dysfunction, anatomical changes.
- depending on the prevalence of the inflammatory process: focal (limited) and total (diffuse).
Diagnostics
In the diagnosis of cystitis, the urologist is helped by the clinical manifestations, the results of laboratory and organic studies. The main role in the identification of cystitis, its type, course characteristics belongs to the general analysis of urine, culture of urine for flora, determination of the level of acidity of urine. According to the indications, an endoscopic examination of the bladder mucosa (cystoscopy) or X-ray (cystography), urography and ultrasound of the bladder is performed.
To confirm/exclude cystitis, specialists from CMRT clinics use modern diagnostic methods, such as:
- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
- Ultrasonography (ultrasound)
- duplex scanning
- Computational topography of the spine Diers
- Check-up (full body examination)
- CT
Which doctor should I contact?
The urologist diagnoses and treats the disease. Depending on the causes and symptoms that accompany the disease, you may need to consult a gynecologist and other specialists.
How to treat cystitis
The course of treatment is chosen by a urologist, sometimes in collaboration with an endocrinologist, gynecologist, infectious disease specialist, gastroenterologist, surgeon and other specialists. In the stage of acute cystitis, to alleviate the symptoms of dysuric disorders, a dairy-vegetarian diet, restriction of spicy, salty, fatty foods, spices, thermal interventions in the bladder area are recommended. To quickly clean the bladder of toxins, bacteria, inflammatory components, it is necessary to strengthen the consumption program. In addition to slightly alkaline mineral water, you can drink juices, fruit drinks, compotes, weak green tea.
Of the drugs for the treatment of the uncomplicated urinary system, uro-antiseptics, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antiviral drugs are used, taking into account the type of pathogen. To get rid of pain, relieve muscle spasm, stop the symptoms of inflammation according to the instructions, take analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antispasmodics. In addition to the main treatment, after the signs of the disease subside, herbal therapy, electrophoresis and magnetotherapy are prescribed.
At the stage of complications, if it is impossible to treat the disease with conservative treatment, surgical removal of the bladder or the pathologically altered area is carried out by excision, laser exposure, freezing.
Complications
Conditions for the development of complications create chronic and secondary forms. Possible side effects include:
- sclerosing deformity of the bladder neck.
- anatomical and functional changes in the bladder.
- vesicoureteral reflux (backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureter).
- peritonitis;
- pyelonephritis;
- inflammation of the walls of the urethra.
Prevention of cystitis
The prevention of cystitis contributes to:
- exclusion of hypothermia;
- prevention of physical and psycho-emotional fatigue.
- healthy and nutritious food;
- genital hygiene;
- early detection and treatment of infections, accompanying diseases.
- systematic emptying of the bladder.
- strengthening immunity;
- compliance with the alcohol consumption regime.